The truth is, this is my field, I am an expert in it.. we can disagree on the conclusions of course, Im not saying you have to share my conclusion by any means.. but I can say it absolutely is in line with how granger tests work.
When i say you need enough data points it has nothing to do with the length of the timeline. The number of data points you care about is how many times the gun laws have changed. So for a single chart its only counting as a single data point.
And to your credit your questions are very valid. Nothing is proven from a single chart in isolation, of course. The problem is when you do this same analysis over many dozens of examples the results all turn out the same, which becomes very telling.