Weird I'm just seeing this part of your thread now and may have answered the wrong question.
Yes there is, but it varies depending on domain somewhat. The most common definition/metric used is called LD50, usually used for drugs and poisons. It stands for "Lethal Dosage 50%" and is the dosage or level of exposure whereby, on average, 50% of people die. See also LC50 which is the same concept but in terms of concentrations.
LD50 is also sometimes (though less commonly) applied to viruses. Its a bit misleading with viruses as it doesnt really give a complete picture, but it does tell you at what threshold a quantity of a virus is likely to overwhelm the immune system and have critical mass for replication that becomes lethal before immunity kicks in.
@arh@toots.alirezahayati.com